Grace Hopper (1906-1992) — Integration specialty. American computer scientist and Navy rear admiral who developed the first compiler (translating human-readable source code into machine code), led the team that created COBOL (the language that ran most of the world's business computing for fifty years), and spent her career making computing accessible to people who were not specialist mathematicians. Hopper's contribution was integration at scale: the insight that computers should not require their users to think in machine code, that programming languages could be designed for readability and maintainability, and that the discipline could be built as a profession rather than as a craft for specialists. The famous "bug" terminology in software dates from Hopper's lab notebook (a moth caught in a relay of the Harvard Mark II). Her cognitive signature was the integration specialty operating in a domain that desperately needed integration work — the early computing community was full of discovery specialists building powerful machines that almost nobody else could program. Hopper made the field usable. The integration partner, in her case, was the U.S. Navy, which gave her institutional position and resources for decades despite being unusual for the era in supporting a woman scientist at that level.