Charles Darwin (1809-1882). English naturalist whose theory of evolution by natural selection reshaped the life sciences. Darwin's cognitive signature was monotropic sustained focus on a single question (the origin of species) over forty years, with an extraordinary tolerance for the slow accumulation of evidence — he kept the manuscript of On the Origin of Species private for two decades while gathering more data, only publishing in 1859 when Alfred Russel Wallace independently arrived at the same theory and forced his hand. Darwin suffered from chronic illness throughout his adult life (the diagnostic picture remains debated; possibilities include lactose intolerance, lupus, panic disorder, and several others) and lived as a near-recluse at Down House for the second half of his life, conducting his research through correspondence with naturalists around the world rather than through institutional teaching or travel. The integration partner was the Linnean Society, which presented the joint Darwin-Wallace paper in 1858, and the broader Victorian scientific community that received and extended the work. Darwin's pattern is the discovery specialty's pattern at maximum patience: extract the regularity, accumulate the evidence, refuse to release until the case is unimpeachable.