Lise Meitner (1878-1968). Austrian-Swedish physicist who, in collaboration with Otto Hahn, did the experimental and theoretical work that explained nuclear fission. Meitner's contribution was the theoretical framework — she calculated the energy release that would result from a uranium nucleus splitting, and her interpretation of Hahn's experimental results was what made the fission process intelligible. Hahn won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry alone, despite the fact that the explanation that made the prize-winning work matter was Meitner's. The pattern in this case is the integration apparatus's failure: Hahn had the institutional position and the German chemistry credential; Meitner was a Jewish woman who had been forced to flee Nazi Germany in 1938. The credentialing apparatus rewarded the figure it was built to recognize. Meitner's cognitive signature was the discovery specialty operating across decades of difficult experimental nuclear physics with sustained monotropic focus on the structure of the atomic nucleus. Element 109 (meitnerium) was named for her in 1997, three decades after her death. The integration of her contribution into the public record has been slow but is finally happening.